future of the May 23, 2010, the newspaper of the Italian Episcopal Conference, was published this interesting article by Fiorenzo Facchini, confirming the opening of the Catholic Church against evolution.
The desire to know the origins of man and the past does not concern only of a scientific curiosity. You call into question our human identity. Often the new fossils are announced as a link, an improper expression, to be abandoned, because evolution is not linear. In addition to the fossil is of interest and research on ancient DNA comparisons between the DNA of the chimpanzee and of man. A bio-molecular level the differences between human and chimpanzee genomes are very small (around 1%). This suggests that the human lineage has differentiated from that of chimpanzees from common ancestors who lived in the African territory.
THE CRADLE AFRICAN
The problem is to identify when the divergence occurred between the two lines: anthropomorphic (Sandwiches, Gorilla), and hominin (prehuman and human), but the cradle is Africa. Agrees on this approach is that the biomolecular paleoanthropological. Currently the gap is located around 7 million years ago. Neighbours the difference, but on their way to the human line, are considered the Sahelantropo of Chad (6-7 million years ago) and ' Orrorin tugenensis of Kenya (6 million years ago) because they demonstrate trends towards that bipedalism characterizing the human lineage and appears in the shapes prehuman, the Australopithecines , who also practiced the climbers. Among them a particular importance are the ' Ardipiteco (4.4 million years ago) and' Australopithecus afarense or Lucy (3.5 million years ago).
Homo, as well as being characterized by a biped now perfect, has a greater ability skull, teeth become a human, with a reduction of the canines and premolars and molars, and use hand tools for manufacture in a systematic and progressive (industry Pebble: chopper and chopping tools). The oldest representatives of the genus Homo are referred to Homo habilis / rudolfensis . The species Homo habilis was coined in 1964 by Leakey, Tobias, Napier for a few artifacts found at Olduvai, Tanzania. It was also reported similar findings, but more cerebralization found in 1972 in Kenya east of Lake Turkana (Lake Rudolf ex-) and subsequently renamed as Homo rudolfensis. The transition to a more evolved level (greater cranial capacity, a certain robustness in the skull and in the mandible) leads to the species Homo erectus , which for Africa is called ergaster (artisan) from circa 1.6 million years ago. But for a while habilis and ergaster lived together. The lithic industry is more elaborate. Continue up the stone and appear two-faced, characterized by working on both sides and the margins, carried out in a symmetrical manner, revealing the concept of symmetry.
THE FIRST EXIT FROM AFRICA
The outputs of humanity from Africa to other continents have been more than one. Most likely the oldest dating back 1.7 million years ago. We find a Damnissi, Georgia, a deposit dating back at that time with numerous human remains that appear to be morphologically and chronologically intermediate between Homo habilis and Homo ergaster. He accompanies them on pebble industry. Probably through the Caucasus region, in various waves of immigration, the man was brought to Asia and Europe. A stage could be Palestine, where he is reported to Ubeidiya jaw of about 1.3 million years ago. In Africa's humanity than a million years ago is represented at various sites: Olduvai (Tanzania), Buia (Eritrea), Daka (Ethiopia). The morphological findings reminiscent of Homo ergaster / erectus . In their offspring will also admits a form, Homo antecessor , a cui si potrebbero ricollegare sia i precursori dei Neandertaliani europei, attraverso Homo heidelbergensis di 600.000 anni fa, sia il sapiens arcaico , che si ritrova in Africa intorno a 150.000 anni fa (Idaltu, Etiopia) e si è poi portato in Eurasia passando per il Vicino Oriente.
POPOLAMENTO DELL’EURASIA
A Ceprano, nel Lazio, e Atapuerca, in Spagna, sono segnalati reperti di uomini vissuti 800.000 anni fa. L’uomo della Gran Dolina di Atapuerca potrebbe avere avuto nella sua discendenza Homo heidelbergensis. Presenta infatti nella morfologia craniale qualche tratto che si ritroverà nei Neandertaliani, i grandi dominatori dello scenario europeo fino a 30.000 anni fa. Ancora più evidenti vari aspetti neandertaliani nella faccia di alcuni reperti di Atapuerca (Sima de los huesos) e Tautavel (Pirenei) di 400.000 anni e in altri dell’Europa centrale fino a 100.000 anni fa, quando si ritrovano i Neandertaliani classici. I Neandertaliani affrontarono ambienti rigidi dal punto di vista climatico giungendo fino ai Monti Altai nella Siberia. Nella loro espansione, intorno a 130.000-100.000 anni fa, si portarono nel Vicino Oriente e anche nell’attuale Iraq e nell’Uzbekistan. Nel frattempo Homo erectus si era irradiato in varie regioni dell’Est asiatico: ricordiamo Longuppo, Yunxian, Chou-kou-tien, con il ben noto giacimento del Sinantropo di Pechino, e nell’isola Java the beautiful series of pithecanthropus. In Indonesia, the island of Flores in 2004 and 2005 there was the surprising finding of probable descendants of pithecanthropus, referring to a period between 74,000 and 18,000 years ago. It is a human form of small (about one meter tall with a cranial capacity of 400 cc), together with tools, perhaps explicable phenomenon of insularity. Are considered descendants of pithecanthropus and referred to as Homo floresiensis .
The direct ancestor of Homo sapiens
The output of modern humans from Africa took place, perhaps in several waves, between 150,000 and 60,000 years ago. It is found in Palestine in the archaic form in El-Zuttiye 150,000 years ago. Even the molecular analysis to lay out these routes from Africa to Europe and large areas of Central Asia, including those vacated by glaciation. The coexistence of Neanderthals and modern in the Middle East from 100,000 years is well established. In some cases you have also shared culture, the Mousterian. The anatomically modern man is spreading to Europe from the East around 40,000, 30,000 years ago and rather quickly replaced the Neanderthals to factors not yet well known. But you have to think about genocide. Not be ruled out partial crossings between the two peoples. Some findings of modern Upper Paleolithic (as the child Velho, Portugal, and various pieces of Romania and Moravia) shows some Neanderthal appearance. Neanderthals attenuated characters already appear in woman Tabun (Israel) which is much older (about 120,000 years ago), maybe some mixing with modern humans from Africa. Moreover, the presence of modern humans in the caves and Qafzé Skhul in Israel dates back to very ancient times (90,000 years ago). There were all the conditions for a mixture of populations. Around 50,000 years ago man carries in Australia and, from that same era, but in different waves, from extreme eastern regions of Asia North America man carries in taking advantage of an isthmus of land during the last glaciation.
NEW HORIZONS FROM ANCIENT DNA
on mitochondrial DNA analysis performed in recent months on the phalanx of a Neanderthal Denisova of the Altai Mountains of Siberia (from 40,000 to 38,000 years ago), compared with other 6 54 Neanderthals and modern humans, they put highlight differences with modern humans more than those that separate it from the Neanderthals. Therefore, if the divergence between Neanderthals and modern form is placed, as it appears from various studies, between 500,000 and 700,000 years ago, the ancestor common to all three lines (Neanderthals and modern, the finding of Altai) would be very older, more than a million years ago. In this case the common ancestor could refer to Homo antecessor, formed in the offspring of Homo ergaster or erectus migrated to Eurasia and Africa, very old (one million years ago?), But for which no documentation. Neanderthals and modern man: the same species or different species? There are anthropologists and philosophers of science that Tugging claim that they are different species, perhaps forgetting that human variability allows subspecies and populations.
nuclear DNA research published in recent days to lay the interpollination between Neanderthals and modern, and then for the same species, as suggested by studies paleoanthropology. I nuovi studi sul Dna mettono in guardia da facili semplificazioni nel parlare di specie nell’umanità preistorica, specialmente per popolazioni che potevano comunicare facilmente fra loro. Per l’umanità preistorica eventuali specie, caratterizzate cioè da isolamento riproduttivo, sono supposte, ma non dimostrate. E c’è una ragione. La cultura, che caratterizza l’uomo dalle sue origini, deve avere favorito le comunicazioni fra i gruppi e l’adattamento ai vari ambienti, rallentando quell’isolamento che caratterizza i processi di speciazione.
UNA MIA RIFLESSIONE
Nel POST: http://apiuvoci2.blogspot.com/2010/05/ecco-la-vita-artificiale-costruita-la.html
I said:
"Assuming that God exists, the vision of my school of thought is able to reconcile evolution and creationism, with its own theory:" God has designed the building blocks of the universe (strings) in a limited number and detail, along with details of the physical laws such as the non-local. This has meant that the evolution from the BIG BANG, largely by chance, had constraints. These constraints assumed that it was virtually certain that, sooner or later, one of 10 raised to 500 parallel universes (multiuniverso to 11 dimensions according to M-theory) develop a biological organism endowed with intelligence and rationality. E'superfluo emphasize that even if the M-theory (that, today, more probabile) non fosse confermata, resterebbe sempre realistico il fatto che l'universo sia costituito da una serie limitata di particelle sub-atomiche, per cui il concetto complessivo della nostra teoria non cambierebbe.
Ne consegue che Dio non ha programmato le singole evoluzioni o mutazioni genetiche (ora anche l'uomo con il suo libero arbitrio le modifica); ma l'uomo era lo stesso nel progetto, veramente intelligente, di Dio."
Ebbene, vista l'evoluzione dell'HOMO dagli australopitechi all'homo sapiens sapiens, con tutte le varie ramificazioni ed incroci, mi sembra più probabile un'evoluzione non guidata, passo passo, da Dio, ma libera di svilupparsi, in accordo con la visione della mia scuola di pensiero. The end result was the same, but I do not think that Homo is the last stage of biological evolution.
Alessandra
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